Ancient teeth raise new questions

Excavated at Qesem cave, a pre-historic site near Rosh Haain in central Israel that was uncovered in 2000, the teeth are similar in size and shape to those of modern man, Homo sapiens, which have been found at other sites is Israel, such as Oafzeh and Skhul — but they’re a lot older than any previously discovered remains.

“The Qesem teeth come from a time period between 200,000 and 400,000 years ago when human remains from the Middle East are very scarce,” Quam says. “We have numerous remains of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens from more recent times, that is around 60,000 to 150,000 years ago, but fossils from earlier time periods are rare. So these teeth are providing us with some new information about who the earlier occupants of this region were as well as their potential evolutionary relationships with the later fossils from this same region.”

The teeth also present new evidence as to where modern man might have originated. Anthropologists believe that modern humans and Neanderthals shared a common ancestor who lived in Africa more than 700,000 years ago. Some of the descendants of this common ancestor migrated to Europe and developed into Neanderthals. Another group stayed in Africa and evolved into Homo sapiens, later migrating out of the continent.

If the remains from Qesem can be linked directly to the Homo sapiens species, it could mean that modern man either originated in what is now Israel or may have migrated from Africa far earlier than is now thought.

Quam says the verdict is still out as to which species is represented by these eight teeth, which poses a challenge for any kind of positive identification.

“While a few of the teeth come from the same individual, most of them are isolated specimens,” Quam says. “We know for sure that we’re dealing with six individuals of differing ages. Two of the teeth are actually deciduous or ‘milk’ teeth, which means that these individuals were young children. But the problem is that all the teeth are separate so it’s been really hard to determine which species we’re dealing with.”

Quam says that rather than rely on individual features, anthropologists use a combination of characteristics to get an accurate reading on species type. For instance, Neanderthals have relatively large incisors and distinctive molars and premolars, whereas Homo sapiens’ teeth are smaller with incisors that are straighter along the “lip” side of the face. Sometimes the differences are subtle, but it’s these small changes that make having a number of teeth from the same individual that much more important.

Even though Quam and his colleagues don’t know for sure which species the teeth belong to, these dental records still tell them a lot about the past.

“Teeth are evolutionarily very conservative structures,” Quam says. “And so any differences in their features can provide us with all sorts of interesting information about an individual. It can tell us what they ate, what their growth and development patterns looked like as well as what their general health was like during their lifetime. They can also tell us about the evolutionary relationships between species, all of which adds to our knowledge of who we are and where we came from.”

Excavation continues at the Qesem site under the direction of Avi Gopher and Ran Barkai of Tel Aviv University. The archaeological material already recovered includes abundant stone tools and animal remains, all of which are providing researchers with a picture of daily life and hunting practices of the site’s former inhabitants.

“This is a very exciting time for archeological discovery,” Quam says. “Our hope is that the continuing excavation at the site will result in the discovery of more complex remains, which would help us pinpoint exactly which species we are dealing with.”

Quam continues to be in touch with the on-site archeologists and hopes to collaborate in the project if more complete human remains are recovered.